Rugby union is a compulsory sport in many independent schools. Are they putting themselves at risk by compelling under-16s to play the game?
A school’s legal duty of care to its pupils applies to sport as to every other aspect of school life. Sport must be taught and games supervised with a degree of “reasonable care”.
A problem arises when a school’s legal duty comes up against sporting activities that carry a higher than normal risk of injury. In many independent schools, rugby union is a non-negotiable element of the games programme. Are schools putting themselves at risk, in legal terms, by compelling under-16s to play the game, given the increasingly publicised injury risks?
Doctors have a long history of raising concerns over some sports in which the risk of serious or frequent injury is claimed to be particularly high. In recent times, Dr Allyson Pollock, professor of public health research and policy at Queen Mary, University of London, has claimed that full-contact rugby (with scrums and tackles) has no place in schools, particularly where participation is compulsory. Her research suggests that schools’ rugby carries as much as a 17 per cent risk of injury for players across a season.
Are schools putting themselves at risk legally by compelling under-16s to play rugby?
The legal picture is clear where a school has been negligent in provision of games. However, what extra duties does the law say that “higher risk” sports place on schools to protect students? Here are some examples:-
Personal accident insurance In Van Oppen v. clerk to the Bedford Charity Trustees in 1990, the student injured in a school rugby match could not prove negligence in the way a game was managed. However, he argued that it ought to have provided personal accident insurance to compensate him accidental injury. The court decided that no such duty to insure existed, but that it might be advisable to inform parents about what insurance was in place. All schools should carry public liability insurance, providing cover for their legal liability for negligence but few, if any, would actively insure pupils against accidents.
If schools do choose to provide parents with this information, it must be done very carefully with all the staff involved properly trained. It is easy to imagine how liability might arise as a result of a parent being told their child was insured, when cover was not in place for accidental injury.
Refereeing and safety rules Smoldon v Whitworth in 1997 is one of the first cases of a referee being blamed for allowing a player to be injured. He had failed to properly enforce the rule of the scrum, leading to repeated collapses and a very serious injury for a player. A clear duty exists to ensure that sports are played in accordance with the latest rules and guidance of their governing body. In rugby union in particular, rule changes are common and schools must ensure they keep up to date.
Within the maintained sector an onus remains on the school to provide options within any games programme. There is no clear guidance to suggest that it is unlawful to make rugby and other sports compulsory in independent schools, providing that the school has parents’ consent.
It would be prudent for consent to mean a written contractual agreement as part of the school’s overall contract with the parent. However, even if this is in place, consent of this type can be (and often is) revoked by the parent. Many schools that are unable or unwilling to offer alternative games deal with this issue by making it clear to parents that their sports programmes are non-negotiable. A parent who withdraws their consent for a child to participate withdraws their child from the school. It would be very unwise to compel children to play sports their parents had expressly withdrawn their consent for, even if injury did not occur.
Given the public interest in the area, it is clear that further developments in the law are likely. Meanwhile the question for now is not whether compelling students to play particular sports is legal, but should a school ever make such inherently risky games compulsory?
Ian Campbell is a partner at Hill Dickinson
I would like to see the evidence of this research and how other sports compare in the number and severity of injuries to pupils.
Here is the abstract of one 2015 study.
ABSTRACT
Objective To conduct a comprehensive systematic
review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the
incidence of concussion in youth athletes. Specifically,
we estimate the overall risk of concussion in youth sports
and compare sport-specific estimates of concussion risk.
Design Systemic review and meta-analysis.
Data sources A search of Medline, Embase (1980
through September 2014), and SportDiscus (1985
through September 2014) supplemented by manual
searches of bibliographies and conference proceedings.
Inclusion criteria We included studies if they met the
inclusion criteria of study design ( prospective cohort
study), relevant sports identified from the literature (eg,
American football, rugby, hockey, lacrosse, soccer/
football, basketball, baseball, softball, wrestling, field
hockey, track, taekwondo, volleyball and cheerleading),
population (males and females ≤18 years old), and
outcome (concussion).
Results Of the 698 studies reviewed for eligibility, 23
articles were accepted for systematic review and 13 of
which were included in a meta-analysis. Random effects
models were used to pool overall and sport-specific
concussion incidence rates per 1000 athlete exposures
(AEs). The overall risk of concussion was estimated at
0.23 (95% CI 0.19 to 0.28). The three sports with the
highest incidence rates were rugby, hockey and American
football at 4.18, 1.20 and 0.53, respectively. Lowest
incidence rates per 1000 AEs occurred in volleyball,
baseball and cheerleading at 0.03, 0.06 and 0.07,
respectively. Quality of the included studies varied, with
the majority of studies not reporting age and genderspecific
incidence rates or an operational definition for
concussion.
Conclusions There are striking differences in the rates
of incident youth concussion across 12 sports. This
systematic review and meta-analysis can serve as the
current sport-specific baseline risk of concussion among
youth athletes.
It is not just independent schools who compel tackle versions of rugby. See the abstract below that my team has published on state schools.
Objective: To establish the extent to which Rugby Union was a compulsory physical
education activity in state-funded secondary schools in England and to understand the
views of Subject Leaders for Physical Education with respect to injury risk.
Method: A cross-sectional research study using data obtained under the Freedom of
Information Act (2000) from 288 state-funded secondary schools.
Results: Rugby Union was delivered in 81%(n = 234 of 288) of state-funded secondary
school physical education curricula, including 83% (n = 229 of 275) of state-funded
secondary school boys’ and 54% (n = 151 of 282) of girls’ physical education curricular.
Rugby Union was compulsory in 91% (n = 208 of 229) of state-funded secondary
schools that delivered it as part of the boys’ physical education curriculum and 54% (n =
82 of 151) of state-funded secondary schools that delivered contact Rugby Union as part
of the girls’ physical education curriculum. Subject Leaders for Physical Education also
perceived Rugby Union to have the highest risk of harm of the activities they delivered in
their school physical education curriculum.
Conclusion: Notwithstanding discussions of appropriate measures (i.e., mandatory
concussion training, Rugby Union specific qualifications and CPD) to reduce injury risk, it
is recommended that Rugby Union should not be a compulsory activity given that it has a
perceived high risk of injury and is an unnecessary risk for children in physical education.